Geoscientific Model Development (Nov 2017)
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments
- M. Kageyama,
- S. Albani,
- P. Braconnot,
- S. P. Harrison,
- P. O. Hopcroft,
- R. F. Ivanovic,
- F. Lambert,
- O. Marti,
- W. R. Peltier,
- J.-Y. Peterschmitt,
- D. M. Roche,
- D. M. Roche,
- L. Tarasov,
- X. Zhang,
- E. C. Brady,
- A. M. Haywood,
- A. N. LeGrande,
- D. J. Lunt,
- N. M. Mahowald,
- U. Mikolajewicz,
- K. H. Nisancioglu,
- K. H. Nisancioglu,
- B. L. Otto-Bliesner,
- H. Renssen,
- H. Renssen,
- R. A. Tomas,
- Q. Zhang,
- A. Abe-Ouchi,
- P. J. Bartlein,
- J. Cao,
- Q. Li,
- G. Lohmann,
- R. Ohgaito,
- R. Ohgaito,
- X. Shi,
- E. Volodin,
- K. Yoshida,
- X. Zhang,
- X. Zhang,
- W. Zheng
Affiliations
- M. Kageyama
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- S. Albani
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- P. Braconnot
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- S. P. Harrison
- Centre for Past Climate Change and School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science (SAGES) University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
- P. O. Hopcroft
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
- R. F. Ivanovic
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- F. Lambert
- Department of Physical Geography, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- O. Marti
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- W. R. Peltier
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
- J.-Y. Peterschmitt
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- D. M. Roche
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- D. M. Roche
- Earth and Climate Cluster, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- L. Tarasov
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7, Canada
- X. Zhang
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestrasse 24, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- E. C. Brady
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- A. M. Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- A. N. LeGrande
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
- D. J. Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
- N. M. Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Bradfield 1112, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- U. Mikolajewicz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- K. H. Nisancioglu
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen and the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- K. H. Nisancioglu
- Department of Geosciences and the Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- B. L. Otto-Bliesner
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- H. Renssen
- Earth and Climate Cluster, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- H. Renssen
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Norway
- R. A. Tomas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Q. Zhang
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- A. Abe-Ouchi
- Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
- P. J. Bartlein
- Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1251, USA
- J. Cao
- Earth System Modeling Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Q. Li
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- G. Lohmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestrasse 24, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- R. Ohgaito
- Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
- R. Ohgaito
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- X. Shi
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestrasse 24, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- E. Volodin
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- K. Yoshida
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
- X. Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information sciences and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- X. Zhang
- International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- W. Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of China, 100029, Beijing, China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 10
pp. 4035 – 4055
Abstract
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 years ago) is one of the suite of paleoclimate simulations included in the current phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). It is an interval when insolation was similar to the present, but global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level was at or close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from today. The LGM has been a focus for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) since its inception, and thus many of the problems that might be associated with simulating such a radically different climate are well documented. The LGM state provides an ideal case study for evaluating climate model performance because the changes in forcing and temperature between the LGM and pre-industrial are of the same order of magnitude as those projected for the end of the 21st century. Thus, the CMIP6 LGM experiment could provide additional information that can be used to constrain estimates of climate sensitivity. The design of the Tier 1 LGM experiment (lgm) includes an assessment of uncertainties in boundary conditions, in particular through the use of different reconstructions of the ice sheets and of the change in dust forcing. Additional (Tier 2) sensitivity experiments have been designed to quantify feedbacks associated with land-surface changes and aerosol loadings, and to isolate the role of individual forcings. Model analysis and evaluation will capitalize on the relative abundance of paleoenvironmental observations and quantitative climate reconstructions already available for the LGM.
