The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
JWST and ALMA Multiple-line Study in and around a Galaxy at z = 8.496: Optical to Far-Infrared Line Ratios and the Onset of an Outflow Promoting Ionizing Photon Escape
- Seiji Fujimoto,
- Masami Ouchi,
- Kimihiko Nakajima,
- Yuichi Harikane,
- Yuki Isobe,
- Gabriel Brammer,
- Masamune Oguri,
- Clara Giménez-Arteaga,
- Kasper E. Heintz,
- Vasily Kokorev,
- Franz E. Bauer,
- Andrea Ferrara,
- Takashi Kojima,
- Claudia del P. Lagos,
- Sommovigo Laura,
- Daniel Schaerer,
- Kazuhiro Shimasaku,
- Bunyo Hatsukade,
- Kotaro Kohno,
- Fengwu Sun,
- Francesco Valentino,
- Darach Watson,
- Yoshinobu Fudamoto,
- Akio K. Inoue,
- Jorge González-López,
- Anton M. Koekemoer,
- Kirsten Knudsen,
- Minju M. Lee,
- Georgios E. Magdis,
- Johan Richard,
- Victoria B. Strait,
- Yuma Sugahara,
- Yoichi Tamura,
- Sune Toft,
- Hideki Umehata,
- Gregory Walth
Affiliations
- Seiji Fujimoto
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA ; [email protected]; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Lyngbyvej 2, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Masami Ouchi
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Kimihiko Nakajima
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Yuichi Harikane
- ORCiD
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- Yuki Isobe
- ORCiD
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Gabriel Brammer
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Lyngbyvej 2, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Masamune Oguri
- ORCiD
- Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Clara Giménez-Arteaga
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Kasper E. Heintz
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Vasily Kokorev
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Franz E. Bauer
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Andrea Ferrara
- ORCiD
- Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 50126 Pisa, Italy
- Takashi Kojima
- ORCiD
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- Claudia del P. Lagos
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), M468, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- Sommovigo Laura
- ORCiD
- Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 50126 Pisa, Italy
- Daniel Schaerer
- ORCiD
- Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; CNRS , IRAP, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Kazuhiro Shimasaku
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research Center for the Early Universe, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Bunyo Hatsukade
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Kotaro Kohno
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Fengwu Sun
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Francesco Valentino
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
- Darach Watson
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Yoshinobu Fudamoto
- ORCiD
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- Akio K. Inoue
- ORCiD
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Jorge González-López
- ORCiD
- Núcleo de Astronomía de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile; Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
- Anton M. Koekemoer
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Kirsten Knudsen
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
- Minju M. Lee
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Georgios E. Magdis
- ORCiD
- DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Johan Richard
- ORCiD
- Univ Lyon , Univ Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, F-69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
- Victoria B. Strait
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Yuma Sugahara
- ORCiD
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- Yoichi Tamura
- ORCiD
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Sune Toft
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Hideki Umehata
- ORCiD
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Gregory Walth
- ORCiD
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology , Mail Code 314-6, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad235c
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 964,
no. 2
p. 146
Abstract
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) deep spectroscopy for a lensed galaxy at z _spec = 8.496 with $\mathrm{log}({M}_{\mathrm{star}}/{M}_{\odot })\sim 7.8$ whose optical nebular lines and stellar continuum are detected by JWST/NIRSpec and NIRCam Early Release Observations in the field of SMACS J0723.3–7327. Our ALMA spectrum shows [O iii ] 88 μ m and [C ii ] 158 μ m line detections at 4.0 σ and 4.5 σ , respectively. The redshift and position of the [O iii ] line coincide with those of the JWST source, while the [C ii ] line is blueshifted by 90 km s ^−1 with a spatial offset of 0.″5 (≈0.5 kpc in the source plane) from the centroid of the JWST source. The NIRCam F444W image, including [O iii ] λ 5007 and H β line emission, spatially extends beyond the stellar components by a factor of >8. This indicates that the z = 8.5 galaxy has already experienced strong outflows as traced by extended [O iii ] λ 5007 and offset [C ii ] emission, which would promote ionizing photon escape and facilitate reionization. With careful slit-loss corrections and the removal of emission spatially outside the galaxy, we evaluate the [O iii ] 88 μ m/ λ 5007 line ratio, and derive the electron density n _e by photoionization modeling to be ${220}_{-130}^{+230}$ cm ^−3 , which is comparable with those of z ∼ 2–3 galaxies. We estimate an [O iii ] 88 μ m/[C ii ] 158 μ m line ratio in the galaxy of >4, as high as those of known z ∼ 6–9 galaxies. This high [O iii ] 88 μ m/[C ii ] 158 μ m line ratio is generally explained by the high n _e as well as the low metallicity ( ${Z}_{\mathrm{gas}}/{Z}_{\odot }={0.04}_{-0.02}^{+0.02}$ ), high ionization parameter ( $\mathrm{log}U\gt -2.27$ ), and low carbon-to-oxygen abundance ratio (log(C/O) = [−0.52: −0.24]) obtained from the JWST/NIRSpec data; further [C ii ] follow-up observations will constrain the covering fraction of photodissociation regions.
Keywords
- Galaxy formation
- Galaxy evolution
- Interstellar medium
- Circumgalactic medium
- Early universe
- Reionization
