Rejuvenated endothelial progenitor cells through overexpression of cellular prion protein effectively salvaged the critical limb ischemia in rats with preexisting chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Abstract Background This study tested the hypothesis that overexpression of cellular prion protein in endothelial progenitor cells (PrPcOE-EPCs), defined as “rejuvenated EPCs,” was superior to EPCs for salvaging the critical limb ischemia (CLI) induced after 28-day chronic kidney disease (CKD) induction in rat. Methods and Results Cell viability and flow cytometric analyses of early/late apoptosis/total-intracellular ROS/cell cycle (sub-G1, G2/M phase) were significantly higher in EPCs + H2O2 than in EPCs that were significantly reversed in PrPcOE-EPCs + H2O2 (all p < 0.001). The protein expressions of inflammation (IL-1ß/IL-6/MMP-9/p-NF-κB) were significantly increased in EPC + TNF-α than in EPCs that were significantly reversed in PrPcOE-EPCs + TNF-α (all p < 0.001). Adult-male SD rats (n = 8/each group) were categorized into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (CKD + CLI), group 3 [CKD + CLI + EPCs by intravenous (0.6 × 105)/intra-muscular (0.6 × 105) injections at 3 h after CLI induction], group 4 (CKD + CLI + PrPcOE-EPCs/dose-administration as group 3) and group 5 (CKD + CLI + siPrnp-EPCs/dose-administration as group 3). By day 14 after CLI induction, the ratio of ischemia to normal blood flow (INBF) in CLI area was highest in group 1/lowest in group 2/significantly higher in group 4 than in groups 3/5 and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 5 (all p < 0.0001). Histopathology demonstrated that the angiogenesis (number of small vessels/CD31 + cells) exhibited a similar trend, whereas the fibrosis/kidney injury score exhibited an opposite pattern of INBF among the groups (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of angiogenesis (SDF-1α/VEGF/CXCR4)/cell-stress signaling (p-PI3K/p-Akt/p-m-TOR) were significantly and progressively increased from groups 1–4 that were reversed in group 5 (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of fibrotic (p-Smad3/TGF-ß)/oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2/oxidized-protein)/apoptotic (mitochondrial-Bax/cleaved caspase3/cleaved PARP)/mitochondrial-damaged (cytosolic-cytochrome-C) biomarkers displayed an opposite pattern of INBF among the groups (all p < 0.0001). Conclusion PrPcOE-EPCs were superior to EPCs only therapy for salvaging the CLI.

Keywords

• Endothelial progenitor cells
• Chronic kidney disease
• Critical limb ischemia
• Rejuvenation