Profiles and monthly variations of selected volatile organic compounds in indoor air in Canadian homes: Results of Canadian national indoor air survey 2012–2013

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important pollutants in indoor air. A major survey campaign was carried out over a 24-month period in 2012 and 2013 to monitor 88 selected VOCs in 3524 Canadian residential homes as part of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Among the 88 VOCs six (limonene, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, toluene, hexanal, nonanal and α-pinene) were present in the highest concentrations with a combined geometric mean value (63.22 μg/m3) accounting for more than half (54%) of the sum of all 88 VOCs. The geometric means of the majority of the VOCs obtained from this study were not significantly different from the levels of VOCs that were measured in a previous CHMS data collection cycle between 2009 and 2011. This study also further confirmed higher concentrations of the majority of measured VOCs in apartments compared to houses; and of several tobacco-related VOCs (benzene, styrene, naphthalene, 2-butanone, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylfuran, benzofuran and phenol) in smoking homes. Furthermore, concentrations of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons were higher in winter and in the months of June and July. Oxygenated hydrocarbons such as aldehydes, alcohols and ketones, on the other hand, were found to be higher in warmer months and peaked in summer months. These results provide valuable information on the levels of selected VOCs of which many have been monitored for the first time in Canadian homes, and can be used to estimate population exposure. Keywords: Indoor air, Volatile organic compounds, Thermal desorption, Temporal variation, National survey, Human exposure