Медицинская иммунология (Oct 2021)
ROLE OF THE CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BRAIN CONTUSION
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common pathologies of the central nervous system in the world, and the use of structural neuroimaging methods – computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – often doesn’t allow assessment of the severity of the brain injury that has occurred. This situation predetermines the need to search for new methods of differential diagnosis of the severity of TBI and predicting the risk of consequences.One of these promising areas is the study of the immune status, since traumatic brain injury is characterized by a high rate of complications.One of these promising areas is the study of the immune status in patients with TBI in the acute period. It is now known that in response to brain damage, a response from the immune system is triggered.The reactions from the immune system, which develop after brain injury and directed against its own antigens, in the early period of the disease are related to damage to the nervous tissue. However, according to the latest available data, they are subsequently able to stimulate the processes of repair and regeneration in the brain tissue. In the course of damage to the nervous tissue, in response to endogenous molecules formed during the destruction of cells and the extracellular matrix, the cells of the immune system are activated.Current evidence indicates that T-cells play a role in both the formation of secondary damage and repair mechanisms. They are able to protect neurons through the production of neurotrophic factors such as brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which stimulates the growth of neurons, the formation of synapses.Using multicolor cytometric analysis within the framework of this work, a study was carried out to determine the number of the main subpopulations of CD3+CD4+-lymphocytes. The relative number of Th17 (CXCR5- CXCR3- CCR6+CCR4- ) and Th17/Th22 (CXCR5- CXCR3- CCR6+CCR4+), Th1/Th17 (CXCR5- CXCR3+CCR6+CCR4- ) among total CD45RA-negative CD3+CD4+-cells population is significantly increased in comparison with the values in the control group, in turn, the Th1(CXCR5- CXCR3+CCR6- CCR4- ) subpopulations among total CD45RA-negative CD3+CD4+-cells are significantly decreased with the values in the control group. The results obtained so far make it possible to consider immune responses among the key links in the pathogenesis of brain contusion TBI. And, perhaps, a comprehensive immunological examination of the victims in the first day after the injury will determine the parameters that will help predict the nature of possible complications in patients with brain contusion.
Keywords
