Prognostic significance and immune landscape of a cell cycle progression-related risk model in bladder cancer

Abstract

Abstract Background A greater emphasis has been placed on the part of cell cycle progression (CCP) in cancer in recent years. Nevertheless, the precise connection between CCP-related genes and bladder cancer (BCa) has remained elusive. This study endeavors to establish and validate a reliable risk model incorporating CCP-related factors, aiming to predict both the prognosis and immune landscape of BCa. Methods Clinical information and RNA sequencing data were collected from the GEO and TCGA databases. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to construct a risk model associated with CCP. The performance of the model was assessed using ROC and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Functional enrichment analysis was employed to investigate potential cellular functions and signaling pathways. The immune landscape was characterized using CIBERSORT algorithms. Integration of the risk model with various clinical variables led to the development of a nomogram. Results To build the risk model, three CCP-related genes (RAD54B, KPNA2, and TPM1) were carefully chosen. ROC and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis confirm that our model has good performance. About immunological infiltration, the high-risk group showed decreased levels of regulatory T cells and dendritic cells coupled with increased levels of activated CD4 + memory T cells, M2 macrophages, and neutrophils. Furthermore, the nomogram showed impressive predictive power for OS at 1, 3, and 5 years. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the association between the CCP-related risk model and the prognosis of BCa, as well as its impact on the immune landscape.

Keywords

• Cell cycle progression
• Bladder cancer
• Prognosis
• Immune landscape
• Nomogram