Severe Bilateral Photophobia and Unilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy: An Unusual Presentation of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Abstract

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is an uncommon neurocutaneous condition resulting from reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Typical presentation of HZO includes a characteristic painful vesicular dermatomal rash. However, the appearance of isolated neurologic complications in the absence of ocular findings has not been previously emphasized. We observed a 47-year-old female patient with established HZO who presented with 1 week of worsening bilateral photophobia and double vision following completion of antiviral treatment. Her motility examination revealed near-complete abduction deficit of her left eye with no other signs of neurologic deficit. Slit lamp biomicroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and all laboratory tests were negative. After 2 tapering cycles of oral corticosteroid treatment, her photophobia resolved, and ophthalmoplegia significantly improved. The failure of antiviral therapy in preventing our patient’s neurologic sequelae highlights the importance of concurrent steroid therapy in suspected HZO patients. Furthermore, the resolution of symptoms following administration of systemic glucocorticoids supports consideration of HZO complications as immune-mediated. Finally, the unusual presentation of bilateral photophobia in the absence of ocular inflammation warrants further investigation into the pathogenesis of HZO.

Keywords

• abducens nerve palsy
• corticosteroids
• photophobia
• painful ophthalmoplegia
• herpes zoster ophthalmicus