FORMING AND DISAPPEARANCE OF SMALL RETENTION SYSTEM IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL AREA – CASE STUDY FROM THE CENTRAL SECTION OF THE KAMIONKA RIVER VALLEY (CENTRAL POLAND) SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY

Abstract

The Kamionka Valley is an old industrial area located in the northern part of the Świętokrzyskie Province. From the early Middle Ages was mined here iron ore and processed in forges located on the river. Many forges was operating also in Suchedniów located in middle section of the river. For over the last centuries, in this area the river have been occurred many anthropogenic changes related to human impact. Industry, based on mining and metallurgy, developed here as part of the Old Polish Industrial District and the Central Industrial District. Their activities contributed to numerous changes in the riverbed and the construction of water reservoirs creating system of small retention in Kamionka. Most changes on the river took place in time of high activity of the forges (from 18th to the first half of the 20th century). Changes in industrial activity reduce the number of ponds on the river led to an increased risk of flash floods, which perfectly illustrates the events taking place downstream of the Suchedniów reservoir dam (1974 and 2010).

Keywords

• holy cross mts.
• kamionka river
• human impact
• flash floods
• small retention
• forges