Cluster Control for EVs Participating in Grid Frequency Regulation by Using Virtual Synchronous Machine with Optimized Parameters

Abstract

In this paper, a control method for electric vehicles (EVs) participating in grid Frequency regulation is proposed. Firstly, considering dispatching large-scale electric vehicles, the K-means clustering algorithm is applied to cluster EVs with different battery state of charge and with different average vehicle daily travel miles. Then, for each class of electric vehicle group, a multi-objective optimization model considering reducing power imbalance and feeding the driving power demand for electric vehicles is proposed. Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is applied to solve the optimization model and obtain the best control parameters for “virtual synchronous machine”, which is functioned as the power controller between EVs and the power grid. At last, based on a Monte Carlo sampling, the simulation analysis of 50 EVs with the normal distribution of battery state of charge and average vehicle daily travel miles is carried out by using the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively classify the electric vehicles with different battery state of charge and different average vehicle daily travel miles. The parameters of the power converter controller for different classes of electric vehicles are optimized considering power grid frequency, their battery state of charge and their average daily travel miles, so as to maintain the balance of power grid frequency, and to meet the power needs of EV daily drive.

Keywords

• electric vehicle
• frequency regulation
• smart grid
• V2G
• vehicle-to-grid
• virtual synchronous machine
• VSM