International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Mar 2023)
Photobiomodulation Reduces the Cytokine Storm Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 in the Zebrafish Model
- Ivana F. Rosa,
- Ana P. B. Peçanha,
- Tábata R. B. Carvalho,
- Leonardo S. Alexandre,
- Vinícius G. Ferreira,
- Lucas B. Doretto,
- Beatriz M. Souza,
- Rafael T. Nakajima,
- Patrick da Silva,
- Ana P. Barbosa,
- Leticia Gomes-de-Pontes,
- Camila G. Bomfim,
- Glaucia M. Machado-Santelli,
- Antonio Condino-Neto,
- Cristiane R. Guzzo,
- Jean P. S. Peron,
- Magaiver Andrade-Silva,
- Niels O. S. Câmara,
- Anali M. B. Garnique,
- Renata J. Medeiros,
- Fausto K. Ferraris,
- Leonardo J. G. Barcellos,
- Jose D. Correia-Junior,
- Jorge Galindo-Villegas,
- Mônica F. R. Machado,
- Angela Castoldi,
- Susana L. Oliveira,
- Camila C. Costa,
- Marco A. A. Belo,
- Giovane Galdino,
- Germán G. Sgro,
- Natalia F. Bueno,
- Silas F. Eto,
- Flávio P. Veras,
- Bianca H. V. Fernandes,
- Paulo R. S. Sanches,
- Eduardo M. Cilli,
- Guilherme Malafaia,
- Rafael H. Nóbrega,
- Aguinaldo S. Garcez,
- Emanuel Carrilho,
- Ives Charlie-Silva
Affiliations
- Ivana F. Rosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 01049-010, Brazil
- Ana P. B. Peçanha
- Department of Orthodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
- Tábata R. B. Carvalho
- Department of Orthodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
- Leonardo S. Alexandre
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
- Vinícius G. Ferreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
- Lucas B. Doretto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 01049-010, Brazil
- Beatriz M. Souza
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 01049-010, Brazil
- Rafael T. Nakajima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 01049-010, Brazil
- Patrick da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Ana P. Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Leticia Gomes-de-Pontes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Camila G. Bomfim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Glaucia M. Machado-Santelli
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Antonio Condino-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Cristiane R. Guzzo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Jean P. S. Peron
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Magaiver Andrade-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Niels O. S. Câmara
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Anali M. B. Garnique
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Renata J. Medeiros
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Fausto K. Ferraris
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Leonardo J. G. Barcellos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Peixes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
- Jose D. Correia-Junior
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
- Mônica F. R. Machado
- Biological Sciences Special Academic Unit, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai 75804-020, Brazil
- Angela Castoldi
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Susana L. Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
- Camila C. Costa
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
- Marco A. A. Belo
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
- Giovane Galdino
- Institute of Motricity Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37133-840, Brazil
- Germán G. Sgro
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
- Natalia F. Bueno
- Integrated Structural Biology Platform, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
- Silas F. Eto
- Center of Innovation and Development, Laboratory of Development and Innovation Butantan Institute, São Paulo 69310-000, Brazil
- Flávio P. Veras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
- Bianca H. V. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetic and Sanitary Control, Technical Board of Support for Teaching and Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
- Paulo R. S. Sanches
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
- Eduardo M. Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí 75790-000, Brazil
- Rafael H. Nóbrega
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 01049-010, Brazil
- Aguinaldo S. Garcez
- Department of Orthodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic College, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
- Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
- Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076104
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 24,
no. 7
p. 6104
Abstract
Although the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is not fully understood, oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been highlighted as playing a vital role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this sense, alternative treatments are needed to reduce the level of inflammation caused by COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential effect of red photobiomodulation (PBM) as an attractive therapy to downregulate the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19 in a zebrafish model. RT-qPCR analyses and protein–protein interaction prediction among SARS-CoV-2 and Danio rerio proteins showed that recombinant Spike protein (rSpike) was responsible for generating systemic inflammatory processes with significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory (il1b, il6, tnfa, and nfkbiab), oxidative stress (romo1) and energy metabolism (slc2a1a and coa1) mRNA markers, with a pattern similar to those observed in COVID-19 cases in humans. On the other hand, PBM treatment was able to decrease the mRNA levels of these pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with rSpike in various tissues, promoting an anti-inflammatory response. Conversely, PBM promotes cellular and tissue repair of injured tissues and significantly increases the survival rate of rSpike-inoculated individuals. Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed that the most-impacted metabolic pathways between PBM and the rSpike treated groups were related to steroid metabolism, immune system, and lipid metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the inflammatory process is an incisive feature of COVID-19 and red PBM can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for COVID-19 by regulating the inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the need for more clinical trials remains, and there is a significant gap to overcome before clinical trials can commence.
Keywords