RETRACTED ARTICLE: Distance and similarity measures for (p, q)-fuzzy sets and their application in assessing common lung diseases

Abstract

Abstract This paper aims to develop distance and similarity measures for (p, q)-fuzzy sets from t-norms and t-conorms. It showcases a way to generate these measures from a given t-norm or a t-conorm operator. These newly developed distance and similarity measures have applications in various domains, including problems in pattern recognition. The article provides a comparison between the proposed measures and the existing measures for Fermatean fuzzy sets. Additionally, it illustrates a numerical example to showcase the practical application of the proposed distance measures in diagnosing common lung diseases.

Keywords

• (p, q)-fuzzy sets
• Distance measure
• Similarity measure
• T-norm
• T-conorm