Micronuclei and Nuclear Buds Induced by Cyclophosphamide in <i>Crocodylus moreletii</i> as Useful Biomarkers in Aquatic Environments
Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez,
Jaime Luna-Aguirre,
Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González,
Olivia Torres-Bugarín,
Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza,
Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola,
Ramón Guillermo Ortiz-García,
Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla,
Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
Affiliations
Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Jaime Luna-Aguirre
División de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla, Puebla 72300, Mexico
Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Olivia Torres-Bugarín
Departamento de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Jalisco, Mexico
Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
División de Genética, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Ramón Guillermo Ortiz-García
Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla
Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Micronuclei (MN) are used to assess genotoxic exposure, whereas nuclear buds (NBs) have been linked to genotoxic events. Crocodylus moreletii was studied to identify MN and NBs. Three groups were formed: Group 1 (water) and groups 2 and 3 (7 or 10 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide). A drop of blood was obtained daily from the claw tip at 0 to 120 h. Spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) and erythrocytes with nuclear buds (NBEs) were counted. The frequencies of micronucleated young erythrocytes (MNYEs) and NB young erythrocytes (NBYEs) were evaluated, including the ratio of young erythrocytes (YE)/1000 total erythrocytes. No significant differences were observed in the YE proportion on sampling days; group 1 did not show differences for any parameter, whereas group 2 showed significant differences in MNEs and NBEs, and group 3 showed differences in NBEs and NBYEs. Some mitotic activity in circulation was observed in YEs. In conclusion, NBEs could be a more sensitive biomarker to genotoxic damage than MNEs. The identification of these biomarkers leads us to propose Crocodylus moreletii as a possible environment bioindicator because these parameters could be useful to analyze the in vivo health status of these reptiles and for biomonitoring genotoxic pollutants in their habitats.
