Anemia in heart failure: still an unsolved enigma

Abstract

Abstract Background Anemia affects one-third of heart failure patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite being one of the commonest comorbidities associated with heart failure, there is a significant knowledge gap about management of anemia in the setting of heart failure due to conflicting evidence from recent trials. Main body The etiology of anemia in heart failure is multifactorial, with absolute and functional iron deficiency, decreased erythropoietin levels and erythropoietin resistance, inflammatory state and heart failure medications being the important causative factors. Anemia adversely affects the already compromised hemodynamics in heart failure, besides being commonly associated with more comorbidities and more severe disease. Though low hemoglobin levels are associated with poor outcomes, the correction of anemia has not been consistently associated with improved outcomes. Parenteral iron improves the functional capacity in iron deficient heart failure patients, the effects are independent of hemoglobin levels, and also the evidence on hard clinical outcomes is yet to be ascertained. Conclusion Despite all the research, anemia in heart failure remains an enigma. Perhaps, anemia is a marker of severe disease, rather than the cause of poor outcome in these patients. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of anemia in heart failure, its management and the newer therapies being studied.

Keywords

• Anemia
• Erythropoietin
• Erythropoietin-stimulating agents
• Heart failure
• Iron deficiency
• Parenteral iron