Explaining Deep Learning Models for Tabular Data Using Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation

Abstract

Trust and credibility in machine learning models are bolstered by the ability of a model to explain its decisions. While explainability of deep learning models is a well-known challenge, a further challenge is clarity of the explanation itself for relevant stakeholders of the model. Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP), an established explainability technique developed for deep models in computer vision, provides intuitive human-readable heat maps of input images. We present the novel application of LRP with tabular datasets containing mixed data (categorical and numerical) using a deep neural network (1D-CNN), for Credit Card Fraud detection and Telecom Customer Churn prediction use cases. We show how LRP is more effective than traditional explainability concepts of Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) for explainability. This effectiveness is both local to a sample level and holistic over the whole testing set. We also discuss the significant computational time advantage of LRP (1–2 s) over LIME (22 s) and SHAP (108 s) on the same laptop, and thus its potential for real time application scenarios. In addition, our validation of LRP has highlighted features for enhancing model performance, thus opening up a new area of research of using XAI as an approach for feature subset selection.

Keywords

• explainability
• 1D-CNN
• structured data
• layer-wise relevance propagation
• deep learning
• transparency