Blunted heart rate recovery is associated with coronary artery spasm in patients with suspected vasospastic angina

Abstract

Abstract Background Autonomic nervous system activity has been shown to be altered in patients with vasospastic angina (VA). Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a simple, non-invasive measurement of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. We aimed to investigate whether HRR is related to VA, as established by an ergonovine test. Methods A total of 976 consecutive patients (47.5% male, mean age 55 years) without significant coronary artery disease who underwent both an ergonovine provocation test and a treadmill exercise test were enrolled. The relationship between VA and HRR was evaluated. Results A total of 30.7% (300/976) of patients were diagnosed with VA, as documented by the ergonovine provocation test. HRR was significantly reduced in patients with VA compared to patients without VA (24.6 ± 18.0 vs. 30.5 ± 22.2, p < 0.001), and HRR was lowest in patients with multi-vessel spasm (21.9 ± 17.3). The proportion of blunted HRR, which was defined as HRR less than 12 beats, was significantly higher in patients with VA than in those without coronary artery spasm (26.6% vs. 39.3%, p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analyses, age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.04; p = 0.001), blunted HRR (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.26–2.31; p < 0.001), current smoking status (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.50–2.98; p < 0.001), and male gender (OR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.43–2.78; p < 0.001) were significant independent predictors of VA presence. Conclusion Blunted HRR was an independent predictor of VA presence, which suggests a link between coronary artery spasm and autonomic dysregulation.

Keywords

• Coronary artery spasm
• Cardiac autonomic function
• Heart rate recovery