Nitric Oxide Levels in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Nitric Oxide (NO), the L-arginine derivative, is tonically synthesised by the endothelium within the kidney and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the blood pressure and the renal blood flow. NO regulates the renal function through the modulation of the vascular tone and sodium handling. With the progressive development of the renal insufficiency, it remains unclear whether the endogenous NO production is increased or decreased in the kidney. This study was carried out to determine whether there were any changes in the levels of NO and teir correlation with the routine parameters of the renal dysfunction in the patients of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), as the disease progresses in conjunction with poor renal functions. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic renal disease which was caused by chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension, who were on Maintenance Haemodialysis (MHD) with serum creatinine levels of > 2.5 mg/dl, were included in this study. Thirty healthy voluntary blood donors were taken as the controls. NO was estimated by a spectrophotometric method by using cadmium reduction. The routine renal function tests, BUN and Creatinine were performed by the standard clinical chemistry procedures. Results: The serum NO levels were found to be significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the CRF on MHD (98.77 ± 35.40 µmol/l) as compared to the controls (22.03 ± 7.23 µmol/l). The NO output correlated with the serum creatinine (r = 0.8123, p < 0.01) and the urea concentration (r = 0.5166, p = <0.01) in the CRF group. Conclusion: The NO levels were markedly enhanced in the CRF patients who were on MHD. This was due to the dialysis procedure itself, which led to the stimulation of cytokine induced NO synthase and also due to the platelets which generated more NO due to uraemia. At high concentrations, NO is a cytotoxic molecule which is responsible for the complications of dialysis and it results in Nitrosative Stress in these patients, as it is a highly reactive free radical. Since the no output correlated with the serum creatinine and urea concentrations, a higher no production probably indicated insufficient blood purification, due to the common effect on their elimination pathways via the renal tract. Therefore, the alterations of the renal function, that are reflected in the changes of the creatinine concentration, will be accompanied by the changes in the serum NO. Thus, the determination of the NO levels in the peripheral blood may be useful in the assessment of the dialysis and they can also be used as markers in the follow up and the prognosis in these type of patients.

Keywords

• chronic renal failure
• maintenance haemodialysis
• nitric oxide
• creatinine
• nitric oxide synthases