Herbicide Resistance of <i>Centaurea cyanus</i> L. in Poland in the Context of Its Management
Marta Stankiewicz-Kosyl,
Małgorzata Haliniarz,
Mariola Wrochna,
Agnieszka Synowiec,
Anna Wenda-Piesik,
Ewa Tendziagolska,
Magdalena Sobolewska,
Krzysztof Domaradzki,
Grzegorz Skrzypczak,
Witold Łykowski,
Michał Krysiak,
Marcin Bednarczyk,
Katarzyna Marcinkowska
Affiliations
Marta Stankiewicz-Kosyl
Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
Małgorzata Haliniarz
Department of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Mariola Wrochna
Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
Agnieszka Synowiec
Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
Anna Wenda-Piesik
Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Ewa Tendziagolska
Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
Magdalena Sobolewska
Department of Agroengineering, The West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Ul. Papieża Pawła VI 3, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland
Krzysztof Domaradzki
Department of Weed Science and Soil Tillage Systems, Institute of Soil Sciences and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Orzechowa 61, 50540 Wrocław, Poland
Grzegorz Skrzypczak
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznan, Poland
Witold Łykowski
BASF Polska Sp. z o.o., Al. Jerozolimskie 142B, 02-305 Warsaw, Poland
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.), one of the main weeds found among winter crops in Poland, has developed herbicide resistance (HR) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicides, a finding first reported in 2006, and in recent years, farmers have been complaining about inadequate chemical control of this weed. This study aimed to characterise the current state of cornflower HR to ALS inhibitors and synthetic auxins in Poland and the agricultural practices in fields with herbicide-resistant populations. From 2017 to 2020, 159 seed samples together with the field history were collected across the country and biological tests performed in glasshouses. This revealed that 47 populations of C. cyanus were cross-resistant to both tribenuron and florasulam, 28 and 8 populations were single resistant to tribenuron and florasulam, respectively, and 3 populations had developed multiple resistance to both ALS inhibitors and synthetic auxins, i.e., 2,4-D and dicamba. Resistant populations were found mostly frequent in northern Poland, but also in the eastern and western parts of the country. Based on a survey of farmers, the resistant populations were found in winter crops regardless of the tillage system (77% of fields with HR cornflower were mouldboard ploughed). Based on the proposed population treatment (PT) index showing the frequency of herbicide use during three consecutive seasons on farms with HR cornflower, the average PT for all the surveyed farms was 5.4. The highest PT of 7.4 was found in the province of Warmia-Masuria in northern Poland.
