Unleashing the electrochemical performance of zirconia nanoparticles on valve-regulated lead acid battery
Sanjay H. Rajur,
Bipin S. Chikkatti,
Abdulwasa Bakr Barnawi,
Javed Khan Bhutto,
T. M. Yunus Khan,
Ashok M. Sajjan,
Nagaraj R. Banapurmath,
A.B. Raju
Affiliations
Sanjay H. Rajur
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India
Bipin S. Chikkatti
Department of Chemistry, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India
Abdulwasa Bakr Barnawi
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
Javed Khan Bhutto
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
T. M. Yunus Khan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
Ashok M. Sajjan
Department of Chemistry, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India; Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India; Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India.
Nagaraj R. Banapurmath
Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India
A.B. Raju
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, India
The electrochemical act of valve-regulated lead acid batteries can be enhanced by conductive materials like metal oxides. This work aims to examine the preparation and influence of zirconia on poly(vinyl alcohol) based gel valve-regulated lead acid battery. Characterizations like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ionic conductivity, water retention study, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques were done. The optimized gel system exhibited a discharge capacity of 198.45 μAh cm−2 at the current density of 0.6 mA cm−2. The battery cell with an optimized gel matrix displayed a maximum discharge capacity of 22.5 μAh at a current of 20 μA. After 500 continuous cycles, the battery attained a discharge capacity retention of 91 %. The presence of zirconia will increase the electrochemical performance of gel valve-regulated lead acid batteries.
