Power System Frequency Control Architecture Combining Open Charge Point Protocol and Electric Vehicle Model Predictive Charge Rate Control

Abstract

This research proposes a power system frequency control architecture which leverages Open Charge Point Protocol–a rising open-source protocol for charge rate control of electric vehicles. Unlike conventional research that focused on building a high-performance controller, this research puts emphasis on the ease of deployment. Specifically, this research explores the design of a frequency control architecture around the basic functionality of an open-source protocol while allowing substantial performance without the need for a well-tuned specialized protocol. As the usage of open-source protocols cannot provide a quick response, the proposed architecture alleviates this limitation by (a) utilizing a hierarchical structure to emulate a faster control interval and (b) providing a model predictive controller with system integrity protection scheme behavior to have sufficient performance under both large and small disturbances. The overall architecture is evaluated against an aggregated power system frequency response model on Simulink for both large and small disturbances. Compared to a tuned proportional integral derivative controller on the same architecture, the proposed architecture observed an average reduction of 21.77% in nadir in the step disturbance test and an average reduction of 36.27% in standard deviation from the nominal frequency in the load variation test.

Keywords

• Electric vehicles
• vehicle-to-grid
• optimization
• frequency