Frontier Materials & Technologies (Sep 2024)
Microstructure and strength of a 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy subjected to high-pressure torsion
Abstract
Currently, one of the effective 3D printing methods is wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM), which allows producing large-sized commercial billets from Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy. However, Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by this method demonstrates reduced strength properties. It is known that it is possible to increase the strength properties of metallic materials by refining their grain structure by high-pressure torsion (HPT). This work is aimed at studying the influence of high-pressure torsion on the microstructure and mechanical strength of a structural Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy produced by the wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing method. The microstructure of a 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy in the initial state and after high-pressure torsion was studied using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. An EBSD analysis of the material in its original state was carried out. The microhardness of the material in the initial and deformed states was measured. Using the dependence of the yield strength on microhardness, the estimated mechanical strength of the material after processing by the high-pressure torsion method was determined. The microstructural features of the 3D-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy after high-pressure torsion, which provide increased strength of this material, are discussed. The research results demonstrate that 3D printing using the electron-beam additive manufacturing method allows producing a Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with a microstructure unusual for this material, which consists of columnar primary β-grains with a transverse size of 1–2 mm, inside of which martensitic α'-Ti needles are located. Thin β-Ti layers with a thickness of about 200 nm are observed between the α'-Ti needles. Further deformation treatment of the alloy using the high-pressure torsion method allowed forming an ultrafine-grained structure in its volume, presumably consisting of α-grains with an average size of (25±10) nm. High-pressure torsion of the 3D-printed alloy allowed achieving rather high microhardness values of (448±5) НV0.1, which, according to the HV=2.8–3σy ratio, corresponds to the estimated yield strength of approximately 1460 MPa.
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