Explorative Sonophotocatalytic Study of C-H Arylation Reaction of Pyrazoles Utilizing a Novel Sonophotoreactor for Green and Sustainable Organic Synthesis

Abstract

The development of a mild, general, and green method for the C-H arylation of pyrazoles with relatively unreactive aryl halides is an ongoing challenge in organic synthesis. We describe herein a novel sonophotoreactor based on an ultrasonic cleaning bath and blue LED light (visible light) that induce copper-catalyzed monoarylation for pharmacologically relevant pyrazoles. The hybrid effect of ultrasonic irradiation and blue LED is discussed to interpret the observed synergistic action. A broad array of pyrazoles coupled with iodobenzene avoids expensive palladium metal or salts, and certain designed substrates were attained. Only comparatively inexpensive copper(I)iodide and 1,10-phenanthroline were used all together as the catalyst. The presented technique is a greener way to create C-H arylation of pyrazoles. It significantly reduces the amount of energy needed.

Keywords

• ultrasound irradiation
• sonophotoreactor
• blue LED
• C-H arylation
• pyrazoles
• copper iodide