Spoofer-to-Target Association in Multi-Spoofer Multi-Target Scenario for Stealthy GPS Spoofing

Abstract

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based navigation is omnipresent in today’s world, providing position, velocity, and time (PVT) information with inexpensive GPS receivers. These receivers are highly vulnerable to intentional interference like GPS spoofing and meaconing. The spoofing of a single GPS receiver using a spoofer setup is widespread, and the concept of spoofing multiple targets with multiple distributed spoofers is also equally adaptable. Traditionally, in distributed spoofers, the multiple spoofers in the surveillance region work independently without knowing other spoofers being installed. Multiple spoofers deployment and its management are optimal for misguiding the multiple GPS receivers in the given surveillance. This paper presents a generalized mathematical model for the multi-spoofer multi-target (MSMT) scenario, spoofer management, and spoofer-to-target association. The received power of spoofed signals is considered as an evaluating parameter for locking the spoofed signals onto the GPS receivers. Three novel centralized networking-based spoofing techniques are proposed to overcome spoofer-to-target association in distributed networking. Firstly, the global nearest neighbor (GNN) based centralized spoofing is proposed. The overall cost of the function is minimized by assigning a unique spoofer-ID to a unique target-ID. In GNN-based centralized spoofing, the overall global cost minimizes, but it does not ensure that every target-to-spoofer assignment is minimum. Secondly, the spoofers of opportunity-based centralized spoofing with the GNN association is proposed to resolve the spoofer-to-target association and to increase the hit ratio. However, it is hard to install more spoofers; therefore, a tunable transmitting power-based centralized spoofing with the GNN association is presented to accomplish efficient spoofer-to-target association and higher hit-ratio. The spoofing efficiency is evaluated using spoofer-to-target association, hit ratio, and position root mean square error (PRMSE). All the proposed algorithms outperform the distributed spoofing. We also observe that the tunable power-based spoofing is an optimal solution in MSMT scenario.

Keywords

• GPS spoofing
• GPS positioning
• multi-spoofer multi-target
• stealthy spoofing
• spoofer-to-target association