Enzymatic Biotransformation of Gypenoside XLIX into Gylongiposide I and Their Antiviral Roles against Enterovirus 71 In Vitro

Abstract

Biotransformation of specific saponins in the valuable medical plants to increase their bioavailability and pharmaceutical activities has attracted more and more attention. A gene encoding a thermophilic glycoside hydrolase from Fervidobaterium pennivorans DSM9078 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme, exhibiting endoglucanase cellulase activity, was used to transform gypenoside XLIX into gylongiposide I via highly selective and efficient hydrolysis of the glucose moiety linked to the C21 position in gypenoside XLIX. Under the optimal reaction conditions for large scale production of gylongiposide I, 35 g gypenoside XLIX was transformed by using 20 g crude enzyme at pH 6.0 and 80 °C for 4 h with a molar yield of 100%. Finally, 11.51 g of gylongiposide I was purified using a silica gel column with 91.84% chromatographic purity. Furthermore, inhibitory activities of gypenoside XLIX and gylongiposide I against Enterovirus 71 (EV71) were investigated. Importantly, the EC50 of gypenoside XLIX and gylongiposide I calculated from viral titers in supernatants was 3.53 μM and 1.53 μM, respectively. Moreover, the transformed product gylongiposide I has better anti-EV71 activity than the glycosylated precursor. In conclusion, this enzymatic method would be useful in the large-scale production of gylongiposide I, which would be a novel potent anti-EV71 candidate.

Keywords

• <i>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</i> (Thunb.) Makino
• biotransformation
• gypenoside XLIX
• gylongiposide I
• Enterovirus 71