What Approaches to Thwart Bacterial Efflux Pumps-Mediated Resistance?

Abstract

An effective response that combines prevention and treatment is still the most anticipated solution to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As the phenomenon continues to evolve, AMR is driving an escalation of hard-to-treat infections and mortality rates. Over the years, bacteria have devised a variety of survival tactics to outwit the antibiotic’s effects, yet given their great adaptability, unexpected mechanisms are still to be discovered. Over-expression of efflux pumps (EPs) constitutes the leading strategy of bacterial resistance, and it is also a primary driver in the establishment of multidrug resistance (MDR). Extensive efforts are being made to develop antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs) with the ultimate goal of re-sensitizing bacteria to medications to which they have become unresponsive. EP inhibitors (EPIs) appear to be the principal group of ARBs used to impair the efflux system machinery. Due to the high toxicity of synthetic EPIs, there is a growing interest in natural, safe, and innocuous ones, whereby plant extracts emerge to be excellent candidates. Besides EPIs, further alternatives are being explored including the development of nanoparticle carriers, biologics, and phage therapy, among others. What roles do EPs play in the occurrence of MDR? What weapons do we have to thwart EP-mediated resistance? What are the obstacles to their development? These are some of the core questions addressed in the present review.

Keywords

• antibiotics
• antimicrobial resistance
• efflux pumps
• multidrug resistance
• antibiotic resistance breakers
• efflux pump inhibitors