Z_{3} Quantum Double in a Superconducting Wire Array

Abstract

We show that a Z_{3} quantum double can be realized in an array of superconducting wires coupled via Josephson junctions. With a suitably chosen magnetic flux threading the system, the interwire Josephson couplings take the form of a complex Hadamard matrix, which possesses combinatorial gauge symmetry—a local Z_{3} symmetry involving permutations and shifts by ±2π/3 of the superconducting phases. The sign of the star potential resulting from the Josephson energy is inverted in this physical realization, leading to a massive degeneracy in the nonzero flux sectors. A dimerization pattern encoded in the capacitances of the array lifts up these degeneracies, resulting in a Z_{3} topologically ordered state. Moreover, this dimerization pattern leads to a larger effective vison gap as compared to the canonical case with the usual (uninverted) star term. We further show that our model maps to a quantum three-state Potts model under a duality transformation. We argue, using a combination of bosonization and mean field theory, that altering the dimerization pattern of the capacitances leads to a transition from the Z_{3} topological phase into a quantum XY-ordered phase. Our work highlights that combinatorial gauge symmetry can serve as a design principle to build quantum double models using systems with realistic interactions.