Sex-dependent expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in aortic stenosis

Abstract

Highlights NGAL is expressed by inflammatory infiltrates and active VICs in the stenotic AV, being predominantly associated to inflammation, osteogenesis, and calcification. The levels of NGAL are higher in VICs and AVs from men than women’s and are associated with pathological features of AS. Intracellular NGAL is specifically down-regulated in calcifying male-derived VICs and is associated with inflammation, matrix remodelling and calcification. The pharmacological blockade of extracellular NGAL in calcifying male-derived VICs partly prevents from inflammation and matrix remodelling.

Keywords

• Aortic stenosis
• Sex
• Valve interstitial cells
• NGAL
• Valvular heart disease
• Calcification