Maximum Pain at Rest in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Thoracic Surgery and the Predictors of Moderate-to-Severe Pain—Secondary Data Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Pain management among children following thoracic surgery is an area of significant practice variability. Understanding the risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain intensity will allow for adequate pain relief. The aim of the study was to assess the maximum intensity of pain at rest in pediatric patients within 24 h of thoracic surgery and to investigate the prevalence and predictors of moderate-to-severe pain. Methods and findings: This is a prospective cohort study of patients in observational and randomized controlled trials following thoracic surgery. A secondary analysis of data was conducted using data collected from 446 patients aged 7–18 years undergoing thoracic surgery. The primary endpoint was maximum pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale; NRS; range: 0–10) and the secondary endpoint was the prevalence and predictors of moderate-to-severe pain (NRS > 2/10). The median maximum pain in the cohort was 3 [0; 4]. During the immediate postoperative period, 54% of patients reported a maximum NRS > 2/10. The infusion of morphine by an intravenous route (vs. epidural route) was a protective factor against moderate-to-severe pain. Taking into account the findings related to the type of epidural analgesia (vs. intravenous morphine), it was found that only the administration of 0.25% bupivacaine combined with morphine or fentanyl was a protective factor against moderate-to-severe postoperative pain. Patients aged 14–18 years (vs. aged 7–13 years) had an increased risk of reporting pain as moderate-to-severe. Conclusions: The route of analgesic administration, type of multimodal analgesia, and patients’ age predict moderate-to-severe pain in pediatric patients after thoracic surgery.

Keywords

• multimodal analgesia
• postoperative pain
• moderate-to-severe pain
• route of administration
• predictors