Sodium fluoride: suggestive role in wound healing and cell proliferation with respect to regeneration

Abstract

Sodium fluoride is a naturally occurring toxicant. The most common sources of sodium fluoride are municipal water, toothpastes etc. The ever increasing exposure to sodium fluoride may affect various physiological processes including regenerative capabilities. The characteristic events of regeneration include wound healing followed by cell proliferation and differentiation to replace the lost structure or tissue. Lower levels of sodium fluoride may be enhancing wound healing and cell proliferation but higher levels are detrimental for both these processes. Sodium fluoride affects wound healing by altering the expression of various proteins like fibroblast growth factors 2 and 7, Twist1 protein, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 7, bone morphogenetic protein 7, Bcl-2, p53 etc. Sodium fluoride also influences cell division, migration and matrix synthesis by regulating the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 3, alkaline phosphatases etc. which are markers of cell proliferation. Excessive fluoride produces oxidative stress in the cells and leads to conditions like apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and even necrosis. Thus, high levels of sodium fluoride hamper the process of cell proliferation and induce apoptosis via caspase and JNK-mediated pathway. The aim of this review is to understand the role sodium fluoride plays during wound healing and cell proliferation and its correlation with regenerative capabilities in organisms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1312397

Keywords

• Sodium fluoride (NaF)
• Wound healing
• Apoptosis
• Cell proliferation