Adrenomedullin is an Important Pathological Mediator in Progression of Chronic Neuropathic Pain

Abstract

Background: The characterization of neuropathic pain is maladaptive plasticity within the nociceptive system. Multiple alterations contribute to complex pain phenotypes. Adrenomedullin (AM) has been documented to be a pain mediator. However, its involvement in pathological pain is poorly understood. We studied the contribution of AM to chronic neuropathic pain in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Methods: Daily injection of the AM receptor antagonist AM22-52 (10 nmol) via an intrathecal (i.t.) route after SNL inhibited mechanical allodynia starting on day 6. Single administration of AM22-52 produced an immediate attenuation on pain hypersensitivity on day 2 or 10 post-SNL. Protein and mRNA levels were assayed by immunofluorescent staining and qRT-PCR, respectively, on days 1, 3, 7 and 15 post-SNL. Results: The results showed that AM at both protein and mRNA levels was increased in both injured (L5) and adjacent uninjured (L4) nerves starting on day 3 post-SNL. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at L5, AM was increase on days 1–7 at mRNA level but only on day 7 at protein level. However, AM was increase at mRNA level on days 1–7 and at protein level on days 3–15 in L4 DRG. AM mRNA expression was upregulated on days 1–7 in the spinal cord. Expression of receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2), an essential AM1 receptor component, was upregulated in small and medium-diameter neurons on days 1–15 in both L5 and L4 DRG. Furthermore, single administration of AM22-52 suppressed the increase of nNOS in DRG induced by SNL and daily injection of AM22-52 for 7 days inhibited SNL-induced increase of CGRP mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. Conclusions: This study indicates that the increased AM bioactivity in injured and uninjured peripheral nerves, uninjured adjacent DRG and the spinal dorsal horn play a critical role mainly in the late-phase development of neuropathic pain. The mechanism may involve the recruitment of nNOS and CGRP.

Keywords

• adrenomedullin (am)
• dorsal root ganglion (drg)
• neuropathic pain
• spinal nerve
• spinal cord