A mini-review on non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensing techniques for creatinine determination

Abstract

The escalation of industrial activities over the past century has significantly heightened human exposure to heavy metals, posing grave threat to the health as well as the environment. Cadmium, mercury, and lead are few of the many heavy metals. They are prevalent pollutants and are absorbed, retained, and accumulated within the human body. On the basis of the absorbed dosage, exposure route, and duration, the range of the toxicity fluctuate. While these metals are essential in limited quantities, excessive exposure can lead to severe health complications and disorders. This review examines the mechanisms and adverse effects of cadmium, mercury, and lead on human health when present in exceedingly large amounts.