Lead‐based ammunition is a threat to the endangered New Zealand Kea (Nestor notabilis)

Abstract

Abstract Lead (Pb) poisoning is a significant threat to Aotearoa New Zealand's endangered kea (Nestor notabilis), an avian species important to Māori. Historically, exposure was thought to be from lead‐containing building materials; however, recent field observations suggest lead‐based ammunition as an additional source. We used stable lead isotopes to investigate the sources of lead to kea. Comparing 207 Pb/206 Pb ratios in kea blood (n = 91) to both ammunition and building materials, we found approximately one‐third of exposed kea (blood lead > 10 µg/dL) had lead isotope ratios consistent with exposure to lead‐based ammunition. As lead ammunition is still used, including in government‐sponsored culling programs, our data indicate an urgent need to shift toward non‐lead ammunition use to prevent further poisoning and aid conservation efforts. Collaborating with tangata whenua/Māori guardians, we advocate for immediate policy changes to eliminate lead‐based ammunition in kea habitat to safeguard this endangered culturally treasured species from extinction.

Keywords

• ammunition environmental impact
• anthropogenic pollution
• conservation strategies New Zealand
• ecotoxicology lead regulations and wildlife
• endangered avian species
• kea conservation