National suicide management guidelines recommending family-based prevention, intervention and postvention and their association with suicide mortality rates: systematic review
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Nitika Sanger
Medical Science Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Nonhlanhla P. Khumalo
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, and University of Cape Town, South Africa
Luciano Minuzzi
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Lehana Thabane
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health (PATH) Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Background Suicidal behaviour remains a major public health concern and countries have responded by authoring guidelines to help mitigate death by suicide. Guidelines can include family-based recommendations, but evidence for the level and category of family-based involvement that is needed to effectively prevent suicide is unclear. Aims To explore the association between family-based recommendations in guidelines and countries’ crude suicide rates. PROSPERO registration: CRD42019130195. Method MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science and WHO MiNDbank databases and grey literature were searched within the past 20 years (1 January 2000 to 22 June 2020) for national guidelines giving family-based recommendations in any of three categories (prevention, intervention and postvention). Results We included 63 guidelines from 46 countries. All identified guidelines included at least one family-based recommendation. There were no statistically significant differences seen between mean World Health Organization crude suicide rates for countries that included only one, two or all three categories of family-based recommendations. However, a lower spread of crude suicide rates was seen when guideline recommendations included all three categories (mean crude suicide rates for one category: 11.09 (s.d. = 5.71); for two categories: 13.42 (s.d. = 7.76); for three categories: 10.68 (s.d. = 5.20); P = 0.478). Conclusions Countries should work towards a comprehensive national suicide guideline that includes all categories of family-based recommendations. Countries with previously established guidelines should work towards the inclusion of evidence-based recommendations that have clear implementation plans to potentially help lower suicide rates.
