BMC Psychology (Dec 2022)

Risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among the Saudi general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

  • Bandar Alsaif,
  • Fahad D. Algahtani,
  • Mohamed Ali Alzain,
  • Rafat Zrieq,
  • Badr K. Aldhmadi,
  • Badr Alnasser,
  • Sehar-un-Nisa Hassan

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-01010-4
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 10, no. 1
pp. 1 – 10

Abstract

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Abstract Background Promoting mental health and wellness is crucial for healthy communities. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of experiencing psychological reactions such as depression, anxiety, and stress within the general population in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 754 participants recruited from thirteen regions of Saudi Arabia. The information on background variables was obtained by using a set of close-ended questions. The DASS-21, a screening tool was used to assess the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress. Pie-chart displayed the levels of risk to experience psychological reactions. The Chi-square test and Adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) reported the risk factors associated with experiencing psychological reactions in the study population. Results The vulnerability to mild to extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety and depression were (36.5%), (34.9%), and (43.5%), respectively. Findings demonstrated that females were at higher risk to experience anxiety (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.11–2.18) and stress (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.10–2.10) as compared to males. Unmarried individuals had higher vulnerability for anxiety (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and depression (AOR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.02–2.37) as compared to married individuals. Those who lost their job during the pandemic had a higher risk to experience anxiety (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.10–3.74) and depression (AOR = 2.01: 95% CI 1.09–3.87) as compared to those who remain employed. Diagnosis with COVID-19 was associated with anxiety (AOR = 2.40; 95% CI 1.27–4.52) and stress (AOR = 2. 0; 95% CI 1.10–3.69). Participants with chronic medical conditions were almost twice at risk to experience stress (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.38–2.87) depression (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.53–2.99) and anxiety (AOR = 2.59; 95% CI 1.78–3.78) as compared to those without such conditions. Conclusions Findings imply the allocation of adequate psychological resources to prevent long-term psychological repercussions in at-risk populations such as females, unmarried individuals, those who lost their jobs, diagnosed with COVID-19 and those with chronic medical conditions.

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