Perceived barriers and facilitators to breast-feeding support practices in hospitals and birthing facilities in the USA

Abstract

Abstract Objective: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) designation is known to increase breast-feeding rates in the USA. However, less is known about barriers and facilitators to breast-feeding support practices in BFHI hospitals and how they differ from non-BFHI hospitals. We examined what barriers and facilitators are perceived to affect breast-feeding practices among BFHI and non-BFHI hospital administrators and further explored factors that presented challenges to the adoption and continuation of breast-feeding support practices. Design: Cross-sectional study was conducted. We measured whether hospitals were implementing 12 breast-feeding support practices and identified barriers and facilitators to the practices. The survey questionnaire included both structured and open-ended questions. Setting: This study included hospital administrators from both BFHI and non-BFHI hospitals from all regions of the USA to help elucidate potential differences. Participants: A stratified random sample of 50 % of BFHI and 50 % of non-BFHI hospitals was obtained. The final sample size included 113 BFHI and 177 non-BFHI hospital administrators. Results: Low interest among mothers was reported as the most significant barrier to providing breast-feeding support among all administrators. Non-BFHI hospital administrators were more likely to report cost, nursing staff and physician resistance and hospital infrastructure as barriers to initiating practices. In-person training was cited as the most important facilitator among both groups. Conclusions: Strengthening prenatal education for mothers and trainings for administrative and nursing staff and physicians is warranted in BFHI and non-BFHI hospitals. Staff management and hospital infrastructure need to be improved particularly in non-BFHI hospitals to provide adequate breast-feeding support for mothers.

Keywords

• Human milk
• Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
• Infant feeding
• Hospital administrator
• Breastmilk