Nanovaccines to Combat <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> Infections in Warm-Water Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges
Mave Harshitha,
Ashwath Nayak,
Somanath Disha,
Uchangi Satyaprasad Akshath,
Saurabh Dubey,
Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu,
Anirban Chakraborty,
Indrani Karunasagar,
Biswajit Maiti
Affiliations
Mave Harshitha
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
Ashwath Nayak
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
Somanath Disha
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
Uchangi Satyaprasad Akshath
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
Saurabh Dubey
Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu
Department of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, PB 1490, 8049 Bodø, Norway
Anirban Chakraborty
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Molecular Genetics & Cancer, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, India
Indrani Karunasagar
Nitte (Deemed to be University), DST Technology Enabling Centre, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, India
Biswajit Maiti
Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
The application of nanotechnology in aquaculture for developing efficient vaccines has shown great potential in recent years. Nanovaccination, which involves encapsulating antigens of fish pathogens in various polymeric materials and nanoparticles, can afford protection to the antigens and a sustained release of the molecule. Oral administration of nanoparticles would be a convenient and cost-effective method for delivering vaccines in aquaculture while eliminating the need for stressful, labour-intensive injectables. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to overcome the degradative digestive enzymes and help deliver antigens to the target site of the fish more effectively. This targeted-delivery approach would help trigger cellular and humoral immune responses more efficiently, thereby enhancing the protective efficacy of vaccines. This is particularly relevant for combating diseases caused by pathogens like Aeromonas hydrophila, a major fish pathogen responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the aquaculture sector. While the use of nanoparticle-based vaccines in aquaculture has shown promise, concerns exist about the potential toxicity associated with certain types of nanoparticles. Some nanoparticles have been found to exhibit varying degrees of toxicity, and their safety profiles need to be thoroughly assessed before widespread application. The introduction of nanovaccines has opened new vistas for improving aquaculture healthcare, but must be evaluated for potential toxicity before aquaculture applications. Details of nanovaccines and their mode of action, with a focus on protecting fish from infections and outbreaks caused by the ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen A. hydrophila, are reviewed here.
