Pentagalloyl Glucose-Targeted Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Re-Sensitization of Multidrug-Resistant Leukemic Cells (K562/ADR) to Doxorubicin: In Silico and Functional Studies

Abstract

Combining phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs has demonstrated the potential to surmount drug resistance. In this paper, we explore the efficacy of pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) in modulating P-gp and reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) in drug-resistant leukemic cells (K562/ADR). The cytotoxicity of PGG was evaluated using a CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to analyze protein expression levels. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity was evaluated by monitoring the kinetics of P-gp-mediated efflux of pirarubicin (THP). Finally, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM-GBSA) calculation were conducted to investigate drug–protein interactions. We found that PGG selectively induced cytotoxicity in K562/ADR cells and enhanced sensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX), indicating its potential as a reversal agent. PGG reduced the expression of P-gp and its gene transcript levels. Additionally, PGG inhibited P-gp-mediated efflux and increased intracellular drug accumulation in drug-resistant cells. Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA calculation provided insights into the binding affinity of PGG to P-gp, suggesting that PGG binds tightly to both the substrate and the ATP binding sites of P-gp. These findings support the potential of PGG to target P-gp, reverse drug resistance, and enhance the efficacy of anticancer therapies.

Keywords

• pentagalloyl glucose
• P-glycoprotein
• drug resistance
• PGG
• sensitizer
• doxorubicin