Energies (Jul 2022)

Implementation and Analyses of an Eco-Driving Algorithm for Different Battery Electric Powertrain Topologies Based on a Split Loss Integration Approach

  • Alexander Koch,
  • Lorenzo Nicoletti,
  • Thomas Herrmann,
  • Markus Lienkamp

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155396
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 15
p. 5396

Abstract

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Eco-driving algorithms optimize the speed profile to reduce the energy consumption of a vehicle. This paper presents an eco-driving algorithm for battery electric powertrains that applies a split loss integration approach to incorporate the component losses. The algorithm consistently uses loss models to overcome the drawbacks of efficiency maps, which cannot represent no-load losses at zero torque. The use of loss models is crucial since the optimal solution includes gliding, during which there are no-load losses. An analysis shows, that state-of-the-art nonlinear programming algorithms cannot represent these no-load losses at zero torque with a small modeling error. To effectively compute the powertrain losses with only a small error in comparison to the measurement data, we introduce a tailored combination of nonlinear inequality constraints that interleave two polynomial fits. This approach can properly represent reality. We parameterize the algorithm and validate the vehicle model used with real-world measurement data. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the proposed interleaved fits by comparing them to a single continuous high-order polynomial fit and to the state of the art. The algorithm is published open source.

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