Frontiers in Immunology (Sep 2023)

15-month post-COVID syndrome in outpatients: Attributes, risk factors, outcomes, and vaccination status - longitudinal, observational, case-control study

  • Max Augustin,
  • Max Augustin,
  • Max Augustin,
  • Melanie Stecher,
  • Melanie Stecher,
  • Hauke Wüstenberg,
  • Veronica Di Cristanziano,
  • Ute Sandaradura de Silva,
  • Ute Sandaradura de Silva,
  • Ute Sandaradura de Silva,
  • Lea Katharina Picard,
  • Lea Katharina Picard,
  • Elisabeth Pracht,
  • Dominic Rauschning,
  • Henning Gruell,
  • Florian Klein,
  • Florian Klein,
  • Florian Klein,
  • Christoph Wenisch,
  • Michael Hallek,
  • Philipp Schommers,
  • Philipp Schommers,
  • Philipp Schommers,
  • Philipp Schommers,
  • Clara Lehmann,
  • Clara Lehmann,
  • Clara Lehmann

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226622
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 14

Abstract

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BackgroundWhile the short-term symptoms of post-COVID syndromes (PCS) are well-known, the long-term clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of PCS remain unclear. Moreover, there is ongoing discussion about the effectiveness of post-infection vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to aid in PCS recovery.MethodsIn this longitudinal and observational case-control study we aimed at identifying long-term PCS courses and evaluating the effects of post-infection vaccinations on PCS recovery. Individuals with initial mild COVID-19 were followed for a period of 15 months after primary infection. We assessed PCS outcomes, distinct symptom clusters (SC), and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in patients who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, as well as those who did not. To identify potential associating factors with PCS, we used binomial regression models and reported the results as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).ResultsOut of 958 patients, follow-up data at 15 month after infection was obtained for 222 (23.2%) outpatients. Of those individuals, 36.5% (81/222) and 31.1% (69/222) were identified to have PCS at month 10 and 15, respectively. Fatigue and dyspnea (SC2) rather than anosmia and ageusia (SC1) constituted PCS at month 15. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were equally distributed over time among age groups, sex, and absence/presence of PCS. Of the 222 patients, 77.0% (171/222) were vaccinated between 10- and 15-months post-infection, but vaccination did not affect PCS recovery at month 15. 26.3% of unvaccinated and 25.8% of vaccinated outpatients improved from PCS (p= .9646). Baseline headache (SC4) and diarrhoea (SC5) were risk factors for PCS at months 10 and 15 (SC4: OR 1.85 (95%CI 1.04-3.26), p=.0390; SC5: OR 3.27(95%CI 1.54-6.64), p=.0009).ConclusionBased on the specific symptoms of PCS our findings show a shift in the pattern of recovery. We found no effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on PCS recovery and recommend further studies to identify predicting biomarkers and targeted PCS therapeutics.

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