Biochar and organic substitution improved net ecosystem economic benefit in intensive vegetable production

Abstract

Highlights Both biochar and organic substitution improved vegetable quality, yield and NEEB. Manure production is a hotspot in the foreground Nr loss and N leaching in the field. Organic substitution alone produced best NEEB while least in the combined treatment.

Keywords

• Biochar amendment
• Organic substitution
• Crop production
• Reactive nitrogen
• Nitrogen footprint
• Net ecosystem economic benefit