Influence of oxidative, carbonyl, and nitrosative stresses on the course of chronic kidney disease (analytical review)

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance of peroxide homeostasis. The concept of oxidative stress was introduced in 1985 and has a clear connection with redox chemistry. The article provides a detailed description of molecular redox switches that control the response to oxidative stress. Four levels of protection of the cell by enzymatic antioxidants from the action of reactive oxygen species are described. It has been shown that antioxidant enzymes play a major role in antioxidant protection rather than low molecular weight antioxidant compounds. Four stages of lipid peroxidation are considered. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Uraemia increases oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the most important cause of oxidative stress in acute and chronic kidney disease. The effect of molecular stress on the kidneys and the course of chronic kidney disease is described. Some information is presented in the form of tables for the readers’ convenience.

Keywords

• oxidative stress
• nitrosative stress
• carboxyl stress
• chronic kidney disease
• diabetic nephropathy
• reactive oxygen species
• hydrogen peroxide
• superoxide dismutase
• catalase
• review