Exposição à violência e problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento: uma revisão da literatura Exposure to violence and mental health problems in low and middle-income countries: a literature review

Abstract

OBJETIVO: Estudar os achados epidemiológicos sobre a prevalência de exposição à violência e a associação entre exposição à violência e problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento. MÉTODO: A revisão foi baseada em estudos de corte transversal e de coorte encontrados em bases de dados eletrônicas (Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, SciELO e Lilacs) até o mês de julho de 2009. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "violência" e "transtornos mentais". RESULTADOS: Exposição à violência em países em desenvolvimento é bastante frequente e está significantemente associada a problemas de saúde mental. Em crianças, a maior associação encontrada foi entre violência doméstica e problemas de externalização (OR = 9,5; IC 95% = 3,4-26,2), e entre ideação suicida e abuso sexual (OR = 8,3; p OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological evidence on the prevalence of exposure to violence and its relationship with mental health problems in low and middle-income countries. METHOD: The search was based on cross-sectional and cohort studies available in electronic databases (Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, SciELO and Lilacs), through July 2009, using the key words: "violence" and "mental disorders". RESULTS: The frequency of exposure to violence was shown to be very high and was significantly associated with mental health problems. Among children, the highest correlation was found to be of domestic violence with externalizing problems (OR = 9.5; 95% CI = 3.4-26.2), and suicidal ideation with sexual abuse (OR = 8.3; p < 0.05); among women, depression/anxiety symptoms correlated with intimate-partner psychological (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.8-5.8) and sexual (OR = 9.7; 95% CI = 1.9-51.2) violence. In the general population, the highest prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder were associated with sexual and domestic violence, kidnapping, and cumulative trauma exposure. Violence also correlated with common mental disorders. CONCLUSION: A substantial part of the mental health problems in low and middle-income countries can be attributed to violence. Thus, interventions directed to decrease violence in low and middle-income countries might have a major positive impact on the mental health of those living in these settings.

Keywords

• Violência
• Transtornos mentais
• Estudos transversais
• Estudos de coortes
• Revisão
• Violence
• Mental disorders
• Cross-sectional studies
• Cohort studies
• Review