Interdisciplinary Factors of Neuropathology in Schizophrenia

Abstract

In the etymology of schizophrenia, the genetic component seems to play an essential role. Studies have shown more than 130 genes of susceptibility for schizophrenia: the majority of these studies, however, has yet to be confirmed- they are searching for more definition on the relevant functions of the genetic variation of schizophrenia. Recent studies suggest that a cluster of candidate genes in the interconnected network pathways are implicated in transmission of the glutamate the plasticity of the synapses, in oxidative stress, myelination and the profitability of oligodendrocytes. Previous neuropathological studies on schizophrenia did not identify specific neurodegenerative characteristics of this disease. Scientific evidence suggests that the physiopathology of schizophrenia involves alterations of the intracellular transmission pathway, those which are associated with reduced cerebral volume in some structures of white and gray matter. In particular, in schizophrenia, a reduction of medium cerebral volume has been observed, as has a reduction of the cortical regional volumes with reference to the frontal, temporal, and parietal areas of the brain - this is all in addition to a reduction of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and the cerebellum. The cytoarchitectonic alterations in schizophrenia may be an expression of the pathology's processing, as are axonal damage and loss, reduction of myelination, and loss of neuropil. These all contribute to the reduction of the volume of the cerebral parenchima, and the corresponding augmentation of the cerebral spinal fluid. The inheritance of schizophrenia may appear high/elevated, but not a certain eventuality. In analysis of subtype specifics. However, this statistics remains significant in all studies. The role of the environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia is highlighted by studies which have been conducted on monozygotic patients affected by schizophrenia. While their genetic code is 100% similar, that is to say, entirely identical, one of the pair can be diagnosed as schizophrenic, while the other of the monozygotic pair has the 50% of the possibility not to contract schizophrenia. It is well known that genetic and environmental factors influence multiple aspects of human behavior, they can increase the susceptibility towards a mental disturbance. The reciprocal effects of these factors are placed in two distinct and diverse categories: gene environment interaction, which expresses the terminal genetic variations of susceptibility to environmental risk, and environmental gene correlations, where the genetic variability can increase or reduce the likelihood of the exposure to environmental determinant risk, includes early stressful events of life.