Particle Swarm Optimization in Residential Demand-Side Management: A Review on Scheduling and Control Algorithms for Demand Response Provision

Abstract

Power distribution networks at the distribution level are becoming more complex in their behavior and more heavily stressed due to the growth of decentralized energy sources. Demand response (DR) programs can increase the level of flexibility on the demand side by discriminating the consumption patterns of end-users from their typical profiles in response to market signals. The exploitation of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in demand response applications has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational intelligence (CI) method that belongs to the field of AI and is widely used for resource scheduling, mainly due to its relatively low complexity and computational requirements and its ability to identify near-optimal solutions in a reasonable timeframe. The aim of this work is to evaluate different PSO methods in the scheduling and control of different residential energy resources, such as smart appliances, electric vehicles (EVs), heating/cooling devices, and energy storage. This review contributes to a more holistic understanding of residential demand-side management when considering various methods, models, and applications. This work also aims to identify future research areas and possible solutions so that PSO can be widely deployed for scheduling and control of distributed energy resources in real-life DR applications.

Keywords

• artificial intelligence
• computational intelligence
• particle swarm optimization
• demand-side management
• demand response
• distributed energy resources