Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Therapy, and Short-Term Prognosis between Blunt and Penetrating Abdominal Trauma: A Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Objective. Large-scale studies on the characteristics and management of abdominal trauma in megacities in China are lacking. The aim of this study was to analyze and present the clinical patterns and treatment status of abdominal trauma in regional medical centers. Methods. Cases of abdominal trauma treated at seven medical centers in Beijing from 2010 to 2021 were collected. Clinical information about age, sex, injury cause, geographic distribution, abbreviated injury scale/injury severity score (AIS/ISS) value, injury-hospital time, preoperative time, surgically identified organ injuries, type of surgery, causes of reoperation and 90-day mortality was included in this study. Clinical characteristics, treatment methods, and short-term prognoses (90-days survival) were compared between blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) and penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) cases. Non-normally distributed data are described as medians (IQR), and the Mann‒Whitney U test was performed; qualitative data were analyzed using the X2 test. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed by the Cox proportional hazards model. Results. A total of 553 patients (86.98% male) with a median age of 36.50 (27.00–48.00) years were included. The BAT group had a significantly higher proportion of serious injury (P=0.001), lower initial hemoglobin level (P=0.001), and a lower laparoscopy surgery rate (P=0.044) compared to the PAT group. Additionally, more BAT cases were from the area around Beijing (P=0.008) and a longer injury-regional hospital time (10.47 (5.18–22.51) hours vs. 7.00 (3.80–15.38) hours, P=0.001). In the hollow viscus injury subgroup, the BAT group had a significantly longer injury-regional hospital time and preoperative time compared to the PAT group (injury-regional hospital time: 10.23 (6.00–21.59) hours vs. 7.07 (3.99–13.85) hours, P=0.002; preoperative time: 3.02 (2.01–5.58) hours vs. 2.81 (1.85–3.63) hours, P=0.047). The overall 90-day mortality was 11.9%, and longer injury-regional hospital time (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02, P=0.008), receipt of ICU treatment (HR: 4.69, 95% CI: 2.54–8.65, P=0.001), and severe ISSs (ISS > 25 vs. ISS < 16, HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.38–5.601, P=0.004) had a worse impact on survival. Conclusion. More patients with BAT were transferred to higher-level hospital, leading to significantly longer prehospital and preoperation time. In the subgroup of hemodynamically stable individuals, more patients with BAT experienced hollow viscus injuries. For those patients, aggressive diagnostic laparoscopic exploration may be beneficial. Patients with longer injury-regional hospital intervals, the need for ICU care, and higher injury severity scores (ISSs) suffered from worse prognoses.