Application of Fruit By-Products and Edible Film to Cookies: Antioxidant Activity and Concentration of Oxidized LDL Receptor in Women—A First Approach

Abstract

Cookie consumption can change the serum level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and oxLDL receptors, both playing important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the nutritional value and the antioxidant activity of whole grain cookies in which 24% of the cocoa powder was substituted with grape and aronia pomace and were further coated with edible films enriched with grape seed extract (GAP with KGAE) as well as the effects of their consumption on the serum level of oxLDL receptors in women. The proximate composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity, and starch digestibility in vitro of experimental and control cookies were determined. A group of 12–13 healthy women (median age 36) consumed 45 g of GAP with KGAE or commercial cookies for 10 days. The results showed that GAP and KGAE cookies had increased flavonoid content (22%) and antioxidant potential (27–73%) compared to the control. The content of slowly digestible starch prevailed over rapidly digestible starch. The serum concentrations of the oxLDL receptors between the test and control groups were similar. We can conclude that the moderate consumption of whole grain cookies with fruit by-products does not lead to the formation of oxLDL receptors in healthy women.

Keywords

• oxidized LDL receptor
• starch digestibility
• biscuits
• chitosan
• gum arabic
• grape pomace