Using Deep-Learned Vector Representations for Page Stream Segmentation by Agglomerative Clustering

Abstract

Page stream segmentation (PSS) is the task of retrieving the boundaries that separate source documents given a consecutive stream of documents (for example, sequentially scanned PDF files). The task has recently gained more interest as a result of the digitization efforts of various companies and organizations, as they move towards having all their documents available online for improved searchability and accessibility for users. The current state-of-the-art approach is neural start of document page classification on representations of the text and/or images of pages using models such as Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG-16) and BERT to classify individual pages. We view the task of PSS as a clustering task instead, hypothesizing that pages from one document are similar to each other and different to pages in other documents, something that is difficult to incorporate in the current approaches. We compare the segmentation performance of an agglomerative clustering method with a binary classification model based on images on a new publicly available dataset and experiment with using either pretrained or finetuned image vectors as inputs to the model. To adapt the clustering method to PSS, we propose the switch method to alleviate the effects of pages of the same class having a high similarity, and report an improvement in the scores using this method. Unfortunately, neither clustering with pretrained embeddings nor clustering with finetuned embeddings outperformed start of document page classification for PSS. However, clustering with either pretrained or finetuned representations is substantially more effective than the baseline, with finetuned embeddings outperforming pretrained embeddings. Finally, having the number of documents K as part of the input, in our use case a realistic assumption, has a surprisingly significant positive effect. In contrast to earlier papers, we evaluate PSS with the overlap weighted partial match F1 score, developed as a Panoptic Quality in the computer vision domain, a metric that is particularly well-suited to PSS as it can be used to measure document segmentation.

Keywords

• page stream segmentation
• agglomerative clustering
• evaluation