Physical control on the inter-annual variability of summer dissolved nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean

Abstract

To understand the role of physical processes and their interannual variability on the dissolved nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass distribution, field data collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (ISSO) during the austral summer of 2009–2011 are used. In the subtropical zone, macronutrients were limited (N:P 4) and it was associated with the enhanced draw down of silicate due to the winter/spring diatom blooms in the region. The chlorophyll-a (CHL) concentration in the Polar Frontal Zone was low (∼0.2 mg m–3) in 2009 and 2010 but it was high (0.5 mg m–3) in 2011. This increase in CHL in 2011 was due to the supply of dissolved iron from the strong winds and subsequent mixing during the winter of 2010. Further, the increased CHL values in the Antarctic zone (0.5 mg m–3) in 2011 compared to 2009 and 2010 could be due to the increased sea ice melting associated with positive Southern Annular Mode. The increased phytoplankton biomass in the summer of 2011 coincides with an increase in nitrate utilization (N:P≈13) compared to 2009 and 2010. Observations showed that ISSO frontal zones are characterized by inter-annual variability in terms of nutrient utilization and phytoplankton biomass production.

Keywords

• Indian sector of the Southern Ocean
• Chlorophyll-a
• Nutrients
• Winter mixing
• Sea ice
• Fronts