Modeling of Cross Work Hardening and Apparent Normality Loss after Biaxial–Shear Loading Path Change

Abstract

The specific loading-path change during sheet metal forming may lead to some abnormal deformation phenomena. Two-stage orthogonal loading paths without elastic unloading have revealed a phenomenon of apparent loss of normality, further modeled in the literature by non-normality theories. In this paper, a particular orthogonal strain-path change is investigated using the Teodosiu–Hu hardening rule within an associated plasticity framework. The results indicate that cross work-hardening has a significant contribution to the apparent loss of normality and subsequent asymmetric yield surface evolution. Detailed contributions of the model’s ingredients and features are clarified. The developed material model is intended for sheet metal forming simulation applications.

Keywords

• cross hardening
• biaxial–shear loading path change
• normality loss
• apparent yield surface evolution