Enhanced therapeutic effect of PEDF-loaded mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles against oxygen-induced retinopathy through increased stability and penetrability of PEDF

Abstract

Abstract Background Several common retinal diseases that cause blindness are characterised by pathological neovascularisation accompanied by inflammation and neurodegeneration, including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). The current treatment strategies for these diseases have limited benefits. Thus, safer and more effective alternative approaches are required. In this study, we loaded small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) with pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and tested the therapeutic effect of PEDF-loaded sEVs (PEDF-sEVs) using an oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model, aiming to establish a new therapy strategy for the treatment of retinal pathological angiogenesis. Results We formulated PEDF-loaded sEVs (PEDF-sEVs) containing high concentrations of PEDF and evaluated their effects through in vivo and in vitro experiments. In OIR mice, PEDF-sEVs showed significantly better effects on retinal avascular areas, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration compared with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug, which may indicate a possible advantage of PEDF-sEVs over anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of pathological neovascularisation. In vitro, PEDF-sEVs greatly inhibited endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration, and tube formation by suppressing the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT (also known as Protein Kinase B). All experiments and analyses were performed in triplicate. PEDF-sEVs were more effective than PEDF or sEVs alone, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, to determine the distribution of PEDF-sEVs, we used DiD-labelled sEVs and FITC-labelled PEDF to track the sEVs and PEDF, respectively. We found that PEDF-sEVs effectively reduced the degradation of PEDF. Conclusions Loading PEDF on sEVs effectively enhanced the anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of PEDF by increasing the stability and penetrability. These results suggest a potential role for PEDF-sEVs in retinal pathological neovascularisation. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Mesenchymal stem cells
• Small extracellular vesicles
• Pigment epithelium-derived factor
• Oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model