Potential mechanism of phytochemical-induced apoptosis in human prostate adenocarcinoma cells: Therapeutic synergy in genistein and β-lapachone combination treatment

Abstract

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of male death in the United States. The incidence increases most rapidly with age, and multiple genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Nevertheless, scientific knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease is still limited; and hence treatment has only been partially successful. The objective of the current studies was to examine the role of caspase 3 (CPP32) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in the signaling of genistein-and β-lapachone (bLap)-induced apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma cells PC3. Results Both genistein and bLap produced dose-dependent growth inhibition and treatment-induced apoptosis in PC3. Treatment with caspase 3 inhibitor, DEVD-fmk before exposure to genistein, significantly inhibited caspase 3 expression and treatment-induced apoptosis; implicating CPP32 as the main target in genistein-induced apoptosis in PC3. Contrary to this observation, inhibition of CPP32 did not significantly influence bLap-induced apoptosis; implying that the major target of bLap-induced apoptosis may not be the caspase. Treatment with NQO1 inhibitor, dicoumarol (50 μM), prior to exposure of PC3 to bLap led to significant decrease in bLap toxicity concurrent with significant decrease in treatment-induced apoptosis; thus implicating NQO1 as the major target in β-lapachone-induced apoptosis in PC3. In addition, the data demonstrated that NQO1 is the major target in bLap-genistein (combination)-induced apoptosis. On the contrary, blocking NQO1 activity did not significantly affect genistein-induced apoptosis; implying that NQO1 pathway may not be the main target for genistein-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. Furthermore, blocking NQO1 and CPP32 did not confer 100% protection against genistein-induced or bLap-induced apoptosis. Conclusion The data thus demonstrate that both genistein-and bLap-induced apoptosis are mostly but not completely dependent on CPP32 and NQO1 respectively. Other minor alternate death pathways may be involved. This suggests that some death receptor signals do not utilize the caspase CPP32 and/or the NQO1 death pathways in PC3. The demonstrated synergism between genistein and bLap justifies consideration of these phytochemicals in chemotherapeutic strategic planning.